Classic and Contemporary Poetry: Explained

"Death of Anne Boleyn" by Robert Lowell captures the final moments and public execution of Anne Boleyn, the second wife of King Henry VIII. The poem explores the tragic and dramatic nature of her downfall, reflecting on the circumstances that led to her execution and the perceptions of her character by historical figures and the public.

The poem begins with an evocative image: "Summer hail flings crystals on the window," which sets a somber and dramatic tone. The hail serves as a metaphor for the harsh and unexpected nature of Anne's fate, with the "crystals" symbolizing both the coldness of her situation and the purity often associated with execution or martyrdom. The mention of Anne's head being "wrapped...in a white handkerchief" further emphasizes the solemnity of the event and the finality of her death.

Lowell contrasts different perspectives on Anne Boleyn's character and fate. He references Cardinal Wolsey, whom he calls "the nightcrow," perhaps alluding to Wolsey's ominous presence and his political downfall, which was in part due to Anne's influence. Wolsey's opposition to Anne and her faction adds a layer of irony, as Anne's own downfall mirrored the political machinations and power struggles that she once navigated successfully.

The poem then shifts to Anthony Froude, a 19th-century historian, who saw "stoic virtue" in Anne's "stubborn lips and chin." This view suggests a certain admiration for Anne's composure and strength in the face of her demise, portraying her as a figure of resolve and dignity despite the accusations against her. The reference to "five adulteries in three years of marriage" underscores the scandalous charges that led to her execution, reflecting the intense scrutiny and moral judgment she faced.

Anne's own words are quoted, revealing her awareness and resignation to her fate: "I hear say I'll not die till noon; I am very sorry therefore, I thought to be dead this hour and past my pain." This statement reflects a poignant mixture of fear and acceptance, as Anne expresses a desire for the ordeal to be over. Her jailer's reassurance that "beheading was no pain" and her response, "I have a little neck," said with laughter, highlight her courage and ironic wit. The remark about her "little neck" is a famously recorded moment that shows her ability to face her execution with a certain detachment and dark humor.

The poem concludes with an observation on the public nature of Anne's execution. The line "They guessed she had much pleasure and joy in death" suggests a possible misinterpretation of her composure as joy, reflecting the public's need to rationalize or justify the execution. The fact that "no foreigners admitted" underscores the event's national significance, while "the King's abundance" allowing any Englishman to witness the execution suggests a deliberate effort to make an example of her. The openness of the scene reflects the Tudor regime's use of public executions as a means of control and spectacle, reinforcing the power of the monarchy.

In "Death of Anne Boleyn," Robert Lowell poignantly captures the complexity and tragedy of Anne's final moments. Through a mix of historical references and imagined dialogue, the poem explores themes of power, virtue, public perception, and the personal courage of a woman facing unjust charges. Lowell's portrayal of Anne Boleyn is nuanced, acknowledging her flaws and the charges against her while also highlighting her dignity and the brutal reality of her execution. The poem serves as a reflection on the transient nature of power and the human capacity for resilience in the face of overwhelming adversity.

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