Classic and Contemporary Poetry: Explained

"Marcus Cato 234-149 B.C." by Robert Lowell reflects on the life and philosophy of Marcus Porcius Cato, also known as Cato the Elder, a prominent Roman statesman and orator known for his austerity and staunch opposition to Hellenistic influence on Roman culture. The poem explores themes of love, solitude, power, and the relentless pursuit of empire, drawing parallels between personal and political life.

The poem opens with a personal, almost domestic image: "My live telephone swings crippled to solitude two feet from my ear." This line sets a tone of isolation, possibly symbolizing the emotional or communicative distance in a relationship. The speaker's use of the telephone as a metaphor suggests an attempt to connect with someone else, yet the dialogue is "held away to breathe," indicating a deliberate pause or withdrawal from the conversation, perhaps for reflection or to regain composure.

The poem then delves into the historical figure of Cato, describing his complex relationship with his wife. The line "Old Cato forgoing his wife, then jumping her in thunderstorms like Juppiter Tonans" juxtaposes Cato's disciplined nature with moments of passion, comparing him to the thunderous Roman god Jupiter. This vivid imagery captures the dichotomy of Cato's public restraint and private intensity.

Cato's "forthrightness" and the resulting "long days of solitude" reflect his dedication to principles that often left him isolated. The mention of his eventual deafness, which "changed his gifts for rule to genius," suggests that his physical limitations may have intensified his introspective and philosophical capabilities. This transformation highlights the theme of adversity enhancing one's inner strength and wisdom.

The poem reflects on Cato's philosophical insights, particularly his understanding of empire and dominion. "Cato knew from the Greeks that empire is hurry, and dominion never goes to the phlegmatic" conveys his belief in the urgency and decisiveness required in leadership. The reference to Demosthenes, a renowned Athenian orator, underscores the challenges of being a compelling speaker in a "stone-deaf Senate." Cato's relentless advocacy for the destruction of Carthage is captured in the line, "Carthage must die," he roared.. and Carthage died." This emphasizes his influence and the power of his convictions in shaping Roman policy.

The poem concludes with a metaphor comparing the pursuit of empire to a "blindman looking for gold in a heap of dust." This imagery suggests the difficulty and inevitability of sifting through challenges and setbacks to achieve greatness. The assertion that "Rome, if built at all, must be built in a day" encapsulates the urgency and all-consuming nature of building an empire, reflecting Cato's belief in swift and decisive action.

"Marcus Cato 234-149 B.C." by Robert Lowell is a meditation on the character and philosophy of Cato the Elder. Through its exploration of Cato's personal and public life, the poem delves into themes of discipline, isolation, and the complexities of leadership. Lowell portrays Cato as a figure of stern principles, whose understanding of the imperatives of empire and personal sacrifice resonate with broader reflections on power and legacy. The poem ultimately underscores the tensions between personal desires and public duty, as well as the relentless pace of history and the pursuit of greatness.

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